In the movie The
Graduate, a young Dustin Hoffman
plays Benjamin, a recent college grad wondering what to make of his life. He’s
approached by Mr. McGuire, a friend of his parents:
McGuire: I want to say
one word to you. Just one word.
Benjamin: Yes, sir.
McGuire: Are you
listening?
Benjamin: Yes, I am.
McGuire: Plastics.
Benjamin: Exactly how
do you mean?
See the scene at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSxihhBzCjk
I have similar, one-word advice for engineers: Systems.
Perhaps you’re as confused as Benjamin, or maybe it’s old
news. I find that most engineers fail to comprehend how important systems
thinking is to good engineering, good policy, good everything. A lack of
systems thinking produces unanticipated problems in every field. Systems
thinking prevents many problems.
The standard definition is that systems thinking is holistic – it considers not just the
component of interest but also the linkages and interactions of all the other
components affected by and affecting that component. It recognizes the
fundamental interconnectedness of all things.
That’s too general to be meaningful, so here’s an example: A
dam on a river pools water upstream, flattening the slope and slowing the flow.
The flow rates also change downstream, reducing some flows and increasing
others, depending on the dam’s operational rules. Sediment deposits in the
upstream pool and erodes downstream of the dam, changing the river bed and
water surface profile. Those changes propagate upstream and downstream great distances,
altering river hydraulics far from the site. Water temperature, residence time,
evaporation, and reaeration rates change as the flow is slowed and stored,
sometimes changing water quality. Groundwater rises or falls depending on demand
vs supply. Some aquatic species prefer impounded water, others can’t handle it,
so the biological community changes. Lakeside properties become desirable home
sites, so septic systems, fertilizer and pesticide runoff increase.
Construction site erosion contributes faster runoff and more sediment.
Increased population increases needed water, highway, school, and other government
services, so tax revenue must rise. The effects, both favorable and
unfavorable, spread farther and farther from the dam, affecting the physical,
biological, economics, and social fabric of an entire region.
A transportation example: The U.S. manages transportation by
looking only at one mode at a time instead of a system for moving people and
goods. Each mode – highway, railway, airline, waterway and pipeline – has a
separate set of practitioners and advocates when they should be viewed as an
integrated system of balanced choices. With few exceptions, mass transit is
managed as a competitor to personal vehicles instead of a complimentary
component of a single system. Politicians rant about subsidizing Amtrak while happily
supporting massive subsidies for highways, which encourage urban sprawl,
requiring still more highways.
The Corps of Engineers has attempted to address systems
effects in water resources with programs like Regional Sediment Management and
Engineering with Nature. EPA has long advocated a watershed approach to air and
water quality issues. Both run up against hard political boundaries that limit
the approach. Some local and state departments of transportation, notably
Mississippi’s, demonstrate an enlightened understanding of transportation as a multi-modal
system, but the U.S. Congress and Federal DOT wear blinders, seeing only one
piece, one project at a time.
What to do? First, teach systems thinking in school,
starting with high school and continuing in college and professional schools.
Professional societies can organize conferences and encourage systems-oriented
papers just as they do case studies, with a separate journal section. They can
offer continuing education on systems approaches in various disciplines. They
can educate the public, politicians, and agencies. As individuals, we can search
out books and short courses to help us open our horizons. A good place to start
is the book, Thinking in Systems: A
Primer, by Donella H. Meadows. We can educate and encourage our elected
officials to think in terms of holistic systems.
Are you listening? “Systems.”
